Welcome to Big Bett's workshop. Here you can learn all sorts of things relating to building.

Lesson 1

Copper

color code 184Red 115Green 51Blue
Despite what others claim about percieved value. I'd say that copper is probably one of the most important metals in current history and probably the most important metal in human history.
Copper is one of the earliest metals adapted by humans. Copper as a metal is very soft and malleable. The first advanced tools made by humans were made of copper. According to a lazy 3 second google search. Copper was first discovered around 9000 bc while being majorly used starting around 5500 BC.
Before this, humans used raw, base material such as bones,stone and obsidian for tools. While bashing your prehistoric neighbor's head in with a large stone has worked for a millenia. You need something that can simultaneously plow a field, look good on clothing and can fasten two pieces of lumber together. This is where the beauty of metalurgy comes into play.

How do I find copper in the wild?

As seen before. Copper is naturally a redish orange color that when refined is shiny. Natural copper ore will give off a bluish green color due to corrosion along with the grayness from stone.
The Statue of Liberty is made of "Iron and Copper".

"Well okay von Clausewitz. I get that people 85 million years ago used this metal to bring us

unto the tragedy known as 'The Bronze age collapse'. But how does a history lesson relate to building?".


Lesson 1-1

Entering the Modern Age!...of copper

While copper is a great metal for arrowheads and what will be covered in Lesson 2-Bronze. It also has a recently(in human history) been found to easily conduct a thing called electricity!
In the 19th century; Man harnessed light and entrapped it into a glass sphere. In the 20th. Man entrapped plutonium into a sphere and released light.
Today copper is mainly used to create copper wiring to power homes and electronics. Copper is a thing called a conductor. No not a train conductor. Conductivity is a property that some things have that allow electricity to flow through it. The opposite of a conductor is an insulator. Things like plastic,wood and rubber (And in a construction sense Fiber Glass. A ladder used for electrical work is usually made of Fiber Glass) (Please check manufacturer information about the material of the ladder.) are insulators. Which mean that they help prevent shock from electricity.
Electricity can be generated in several different ways. Some of these are. Mechanical. Wind turbine blades spinning to use the force to power a generator using electromagnetic induction. Or people turning a crank generator which is a magnet being moved around copper wire to create electricity. Next is combustion. Gasoline and Diesel are the main generators in today's world. Although ethanol, biodiesel and steam power (which is where stuff like coal and wood is burned to heat up water into steam which then turns pistons using the heated force of steam.) can also be used in survival situations or low tech scenarios. The latter have mostly fallen out of use in the advanced world due to 1-emmisions and 2-lack of power compared to the former two. In any case. ICE Internal Combustion Engines turn pistons by combusting fuel, to transfer energy to the wheels of the vehicle and to also convert the energy from that combustion into electricity to power the car's electrical systems from battery power. Common drive configurations are FWD Front Wheel Drive, RWD Rear, AWD All and 4WD Four Wheel Drive. Wheel drive basically means which wheels are being moved by the engine and the number or letter designates which wheel/wheels are being moved from front or back wheels. What is the difference between Gasoline and Diesel fuel? Gasoline is leaner which makes it great for horsepower and better than those alternate fuels I just mentioned. Horsepower abreviated HP is the unit for measuring Force in Pounds x Distance in feet/time. Which in redneck terms means "how fast yer car can go relative to the fuel you put in it!". Diesel is a whole nother' thing. Diesel fuel is thicker which means their engines produce more torque than speed. This makes their engines need to be bigger which is why Diesel engines are mostly found in huge military trucks or heavy construction equipment. Torque is basically, to put it simply. The force at which an object turns/moves. A 25lb weight requires a lot more force to lift than a 5lb one. This is why most haulers are diesel. Interestingly enough electric motors that are found in electric vehicles like Teslas produce a huge amount of torque. "You mentioned military trucks specifically....Why?" That is a good question. Gas engines require spark plugs to ignite the fuel. Diesel engines create that spark by compression. So if you have a combustable liquid; Chances are, a diesel engine can burn it. This is why military trucks are diesels because when you are in a war zone. You can't risk your only fuel source being cut off from supply lines. I also think this is why Diesel hatch backs/small vehicles are so common in Europe and Africa/Asia. It's because Diesel fuel is high in energy which gives it higher MPG Miles Per Gallon. Unfortunately since you are basically burning literally almost anything that is fuel. This causes Diesel engines to be very dirty compared to cleaner Gasoline. Look up pictures of Diesel exhaust pipes. Volkswagen actually got in trouble in a scandal called Dieselgate for cheating emmisions in their Diesel engines.
Next is solar. My brain can't comprehend how solar panels work so here's a Google definition- "then the semiconductor is exposed to light, it absorbs the light's energy and transfers it to negatively charged particles in the material called electrons. A semiconductor is a material that is between the conductor and insulator in ability to conduct electrical current.".
lastly is Nuclear. There are two types of nuclear power generation; Fusion and Fission. Fusion is a cleaner tech than fission due to it being the process that the ♫Star Called Sun undergoes and it being safer than fission. Fission is where material such as uranium is split on an atomic level which produces heat. That heat then boils water into steam which then spins a turbine. Fusion generates electricity on the same principle, however the technology doesn't exist in any real capacity yet. A lot of people have fears about nuclear power but technology and safety standards have improved a great bit since the 1970's. Disasters such as Fukushima and Chernobyl were either caused by man made error or nature. Fukushima happened because a magnitude 9 earthquake errupted which caused a 14 meter high tsunami to hit the power plant. Chernobyl happened due to poor safety standards,build quality and improper management.

3 metals of varying monetary values have varying conductive values. Gold, Silver and Copper. Silver is the most conductive metal in the world followed by copper and then gold.

Lesson 1-2

"Five hundred yards... that's the length of five football fields, just shy of half a mile."

The second use of copper in construction is of piping and piping systems. In residual construction. Copper pipe might go up to a couple inches in diameter, but in commercial construction such as in a brewery. Copper pipe can be several feet in diameter. The uses of piping is simply to haul solid or non solid objects from one place to another using liquid,gravity or some other force. Some pipes can be; water pipes,natural gas pipes and finally sewage pipes.
Brief history lesson on piping. Most people in America didn't get indoor plumbing until the 30's when Roosevelt was in office. Today in 2024; There are tons of people in the world who either chose not to use indoor plumbing (such as the Amish) or who do not have access to it for various reasons. Such as poor infastructure,lack of money and finally distance to civilization (go to any remote place on Earth and estimate how much it would cost in feet or meters. To run electrical and water lines from the nearest city.). Why did I mention this tidbit? Because piping was invented in 4000BC. Somehow piping has been lost and relearned so many times that future historians might think it was some kind of strain of Influenza.

Lesson 1-3

Gold rush?...Copper Rush!

Want to know a great thing about gold, silver and copper? They are pretty valuable to sell along with other metals.
Let's see here... Copper is an element that cannot (for the most part) be recreated by humans thus unable to be counterfeited, thus having a set supply which causes it to have monetary price fluctuations like gold,silver and stocks.
Copper isn't as uncommon as gold or silver but is found in almost every aspect of modern American settings (vehicles,homes, appliances Etc.) I think you know where I'm going with this.

Conclusion?

Copper is king

So this why...If you ever buy a house in a bad area. The first thing to be stolen is the copper wire, piping and any other metal elements. Let me tell ya. A couple of years ago I saw houses in Detroit being sold by the city for pennies on the Dollar. Let me tell you that these houses were like hollow, dead trees. Everything on the inside was stolen and stripped away to be sold for money by looters. You'd have entire street blocks looking like Chernobyl but instead of radiation you have economic down turn.

Actually..Let me find that one famous photo of what I'm talking about

It really is a shame though what happened to Detroit. Before the jobs started leaving it was known as 'The Motor City'. Ford, Chrysler, General Motors. The American 3 who carried the American car market before the Japanese imports swept the leg out from under these companies starting in the late 50's. (Not saying they didn't have it coming with the horrendous reliability issues that American cars have had compared to Japanese cars.)

Folks economic downturn is like a plague. From Detroit to the Soviet Union. If it is left to spread like a plague it will destroy everything in it's path causing Bubonic level damage.

This cartoon was made in 1934 by Clifford Berryman.